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Describe the difference between open and closed systems of stratification, and give an example of each.
Optimism
A mindset characterized by a positive outlook and expectation that good things will happen.
Cognitive Functioning
Involves mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Pessimists
Individuals who generally expect negative outcomes or focus on the worst aspects of situations.
Learned Helplessness
A condition where a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from traumatic events or persistent failure to succeed.
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