Vesicoureteral Reflux Occurs in Children Because

question 15

Multiple Choice

Vesicoureteral reflux occurs in children because:

• A)they do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner and urine is forced up into the ureters.
• B)the submucosal segment of the ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient.
• C)the trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped.
• D)as the bladder in infants and children fill, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters so that the reflux valves are ineffective.

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Definitions:

Research Hypothesis

A specific, testable prediction about the expected outcome of a study, based on theoretical knowledge or previous research.

Null Hypothesis

A statement of no effect or no difference, used as a baseline for statistical testing.

µ

The symbol µ (mu) commonly represents the population mean in statistics, which is the average value of a set of characteristics in a population.

μ

The symbol representing the mean (average) of a population in statistics.