In Osteoarthritis, What Is the Effect of the Disruption of the Pumping

question 43

Multiple Choice

In osteoarthritis, what is the effect of the disruption of the pumping action of proteoglycans?

• A)Pump malfunction stimulates the induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO), which degrades the cartilage.
• B)Cartilage is damaged by proteolytic enzymes because they cannot be pumped out of the joint.
• C)Cartilage becomes dry, brittle, and wears away because fluid cannot be pumped into the cartilage.
• D)Cartilage takes in too much fluid and is unable to withstand the stresses of weightbearing.

Differentiate between parasitic and mutualistic relationships in the context of mobile genetic elements.

Analyze factors leading to changes in virulence over time in pathogens.

Understand how traits related to parasitism can be heritable and vary within populations.

Apply concepts of virulence evolution to understand its dynamics in different host population structures.

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Definitions:

System.out.printf()

A Java method that provides formatted output, allowing for the inclusion of variables in a text string.

Secondary Storage

Non-volatile storage that retains data when a computer is turned off, such as hard drives and SSDs.

Decimal Places

The number of digits to the right of the decimal point in a decimal number, indicating its precision.

System.out.printf()

A Java method used for formatted output, where you can specify the type and format of data to be displayed.