Which of the Following Is a Reason Why Estimates of Additional

question 8

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a reason why estimates of additional earnings expected to be gained from high-stakes testing is probably understated?

• A) The estimates already reflect earnings attributable to on-the-job training.
• B) The estimates already reflect earnings differentials realized through college attendance.
• C) The estimates are based on data from low-stakes environments.
• D) All of the above are reasons.

Analyze the labor movement's challenge to Social Darwinism and the concept of liberty of contract.

Describe the cultural significance and outcomes of the Ghost Dance movement.

Explain the conflict between Native American conceptions of freedom and white American interests and values, including legal challenges faced by Native Americans.

Identify and assess the causes and consequences of the Wounded Knee Massacre.

---

Definitions:

Complex Innovations

Advanced, intricate changes or improvements in processes, products, or systems that often require significant understanding and adaptation.

Diffusion

The method whereby a new idea is spread via specific pathways over a period among individuals within a social network.

Trialability

Refers to the extent to which an innovation can be tested or experimented with on a limited basis before making a full-scale adoption decision.

Innovation

Innovation involves the introduction of something new, such as an idea, method, or device, aimed at improving processes, products, or services.