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If absolute PPP held,then the real exchange rate must be equal to
Lump-Sum Taxes
Taxes that are a fixed amount, not dependent on the taxpayer's income or activities, thus they do not distort economic decisions.
Economic Efficiency
A condition where every resource is optimally allocated to serve each individual or entity in the best way while minimizing waste and inefficiency.
Ability-To-Pay Principle
The ability-to-pay principle in taxation suggests that taxes should be levied based on an individual's or entity's capacity to pay, meaning those with higher income should pay more.
Cigarette Taxes
Taxes imposed on the sale of cigarettes to discourage consumption and raise government revenue, often used for public health initiatives.
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Q48: Refer to the figure above.In autarky equilibrium,the