Which of the Conditions Must Be Satisfied in Order to Justify

question 97

Multiple Choice

Which of the conditions must be satisfied in order to justify the inference of a causal relationship between two variables?
i. Concomitant variation
ii. Time order of occurrence of variables
iii. Absence of other possible causal factors
iv. Sterile measurement environment

• A) (i)
• B) (i), (iii) and (iv)
• C) (ii) and (iii)
• D) (i) and (iv)
• E) (i), (ii) and (iii)

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Definitions:

Cupcakes

Small cakes designed for a single person, often decorated with frosting and other sweet toppings.

Glasses of Milk

Units of measurement for milk, commonly consumed for its nutritional value, including calcium and vitamins.

Giffen Good

A product that experiences an increase in demand as its price rises, contrary to the basic law of demand, often because it lacks close substitutes.

Normal Goods

Goods for which demand increases when consumers' income increases and falls when income decreases, all else being equal.