List and Explain the Four Elements of the Bond According

question 21

Essay

List and explain the four elements of the bond according to Hirschi.

---

Definitions:

Upward Counterfactual Thinking

The process of imagining better alternatives to past events, which can have various emotional or motivational effects.

Downward Counterfactual Thinking

Generating thoughts of how situations could have been worse, which can sometimes improve emotional state.

Statistical Regression

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to be followed by others that are less extreme and closer to average.

Reading Program

Structured plan or curriculum designed to improve reading skills and comprehension, often involving specific techniques, exercises, and materials geared towards learners of different levels.