Criminal Appeals Are Generally Routine Because They Seldom Raise Meritorious

question 41

Multiple Choice

Criminal appeals are generally routine because they seldom raise meritorious issues (Primus, 2007; Wold & Caldeira, 1980) . Current standards of effective assistance of counsel often force lawyers to appeal, no matter how slight the odds of appellate court reversal. As a result, a significant number of criminal appeals lack substantial merit. For example, of the roughly 5,125 written dispositions in criminal appeals filed by defendants in the California Court of Appeals in 2010, the court reversed only 226 (4%) convictions (Judicial Council of California, 2011) . Why do criminal appeals rarely succeed? First, the appellate standards of review applicable to most decision-making during criminal trials are highly deferential to trial court outcomes (Primus, 2007) . Second, appellate courts often find that no reversible error was committed during the trial court proceedings.
-What defendants did Neubauer (1991) find were most likely to win on appeal?

• A)defendants convicted of nonviolent offenses and who received a relatively lenient sentence.
• B)defendants convicted of violent offenses and who received a relatively lenient sentence.
• C)defendants convicted of nonviolent offenses and who received a relatively harsh sentence.
• D)defendants convicted of violent offenses and who received a relatively harsh sentence.

Comprehend Maslow's hierarchy of needs and its role in motivation.

Identify different responses to challenges and their impacts on motivation.

Understand the characteristics shared by high achievers.

Acquire knowledge about psychoanalysis and its relevance to understanding motivation.

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Definitions:

Fairness

The impartial and just treatment of individuals without favoritism or discrimination.

Perceived Inequity

A feeling of unfairness experienced when an individual compares their own work reward ratio to that of others.

Under-Rewarded

Feeling or being inadequately compensated or acknowledged for one’s efforts or contributions.

Over-Rewarded

A situation where an individual receives more recognition or compensation than what is perceived to be fair or deserved.