Since 2000, the U

question 80

Multiple Choice

Since 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court has raised serious doubts about the constitutionality of many state sentencing guidelines, holding that other than a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum must be tried before a jury (Apprendi v. New Jersey, 2000) . Based on this reasoning, in 2004 the Court struck down sentencing guidelines in the State of Washington, holding that the Sixth Amendment gives juries (and not judges) the power to make a finding of fact beyond a reasonable doubt (Blakely v. Washington, 2004) . The dissenters argued that the decision will serve only to increase judicial discretion and lead to less uniformity in sentencing, perhaps leading to increasing racial discrimination.
-Some state supreme courts held that Blakely did not apply to their state sentencing schemes until what case?

• A)Cunningham v.California (2007).
• B)United States v.Booker (2005).
• C)Rita v.United States (2007).
• D)Kimbrough v.United States (2007).

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Definitions:

Gravity Device

A device used in medical settings for the administration of fluids or medications that relies on gravity to control the flow rate.

Microdrip Administration Set

A device used in intravenous therapy that delivers a precise, small volume of fluid per drop, commonly used for accurate dosing.

Df 60

A medical device or component often related to the flow rate of a fluid, possibly similar to the DF10 but with differing specifications; without more context, its exact nature is not clear.

Medicated Intermittent Infusion

A method of administering medication in intervals rather than continuously, often through intravenous means.