A Few Decades Ago, Knudsen and Colleagues Proposed a Theory

question 18

Multiple Choice

A few decades ago, Knudsen and colleagues proposed a theory that, for a normal cell to become a cancer cell, a minimum of two genetic changes had to occur in that cell. Knudsen was studying retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer of the eye.
-Two children are born from the same parents. Child one inherits a predisposition to retinoblastoma (one of the mutations) and child two does not. However, both children develop the retinoblastoma. Which of the following would you expect?

• A) an earlier age of onset in child one
• B) a history of exposure to mutagens in child one but not in child two
• C) a more severe cancer in child one
• D) increased levels of apoptosis in both children
• E) decreased levels of DNA repair in child one

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Definitions:

Large Group

A sizable collection of individuals or entities that share a common characteristic or are engaged in a common activity.

Smaller Group

A subset of a larger population or collection, typically characterized by fewer members or lesser size.

Parity Ratio

A metric often used in agriculture and economics to compare the relative value of one commodity or currency to another, based on a standard or base period.

Farmers

Individuals or entities engaged in the activity of agriculture, aiming at producing food and other crops.