Use the Following Information to Answer the Questions Below

question 32

Multiple Choice

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
A few decades ago, Knudsen and colleagues proposed a theory that, for a normal cell to become a cancer cell, a minimum of two genetic changes had to occur in that cell. Knudsen was studying retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer of the eye.
-Knudsen and colleagues also noted that persons with hereditary retinoblastoma that had been treated successfully lived on but then had a higher frequency of developing osteosarcomas (bone cancers) later in life. This provided further evidence of their theory because

• A)osteosarcoma cells express the same genes as retinal cells.
• B)p53 gene mutations are common to both tumours.
• C)both kinds of cancer involve overproliferation of cells.
• D)one of the mutations involved in retinoblastoma is also one of the changes involved in osteosarcoma.
• E)retinoblastoma is a prerequisite for the formation of osteosarcoma later in life.

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Definitions:

Population Mean

The average value of all members of a total population.

Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the dispersion or spread of data points in a dataset from their mean, indicating how spread out the values are.

Confidence Interval

A spectrum of numeric values, arising from sample statistics, viewed as likely to encircle the value of an unexposed population parameter.

Weekly Time

The amount of time, calculated on a weekly basis, devoted to a specific activity or task.