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_________refers to whether specific findings apply to the unobserved.
Internal Validity
Refers to the extent to which a study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, ensuring that the observed effects are due to the manipulations of the independent variables rather than external factors.
Dependent Variable
In experimental and statistical research, the variable that is being tested and measured to see if it is affected by changes in the independent variable.
Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.
Demand Characteristics
Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.
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