Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981) Study Required Participants to Observe Someone

question 65

Multiple Choice

Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981) study required participants to observe someone receiving an electric shock. Some, but not all, of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented. The results indicated that compared to those students who were not required to make a pained expression, those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they observed the person being shocked. Which theory are the results consistent with?

• A) self-presentation theory
• B) self-consistency theory
• C) cognitive dissonance theory
• D) self-perception theory

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Definitions:

Moral Development

The process by which individuals develop their understanding of morality and ethical behavior.

Character Formation

The process of developing and defining one's personal beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Associations

The company one keeps, as in family, friends, and other role models who help shape one’s life; important determinants of individual character.

Self-Concept

An individual's understanding of who they are based on their beliefs, characteristics, and values.