[Solved] Which type of speech has never been determined by the Supreme Court to be protected speech under the First Amendment? A)fighting words B)obscenity and pornography C)hate speech D)student speech E)commercial speech Confederate: A person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated. Social Context: The environmental and interpersonal relationships which influence the behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of individuals. Internal Validity: The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable. Placebo Effect: A phenomenon where patients improve or symptoms are alleviated after receiving a treatment that has no therapeutic effect, attributed to the patient's belief in the treatment's efficacy.