According to this figure, how do hydrogen ions make their way from the stroma to the thylakoid interior? 
Definitions:
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the region of Europe situated east of Germany and Western Europe, often characterized by its historical ties to the Byzantine Empire, Orthodox Christianity, and the influence of the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
Western Europe
A region comprising the western part of Europe, often associated with Western culture, democratic governance, and a high standard of living.
Charles XII
Charles XII was a Swedish king known for his military leadership during the Great Northern War, reigning from 1697 to 1718.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries, known for its significant cultural, military, and political influence.
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