After Reading the Paragraphs Below, Answer the Questions That Follow

question 20

Multiple Choice

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis) . Spirometry is useful not only for assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema.
A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F.

-For this data set, what is the residual volume?

• A)500 mL
• B)1,200 mL
• C)2,300 mL
• D)2,800 mL

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Definitions:

Student T-Distribution

A probability distribution that arises in the estimation of means of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small and the population standard deviation is unknown.

Matched Pairs Experiment

An experimental design in which participants are paired based on certain characteristics, and each pair receives both treatments in a random order to compare outcomes.

Paired Differences

The differences between each pair of observations on two variables, used in statistical analysis to compare two related samples.

Snowfall

The phenomenon of meteorological precipitation where snowflakes, composed of ice crystals, fall from clouds.