The Construct Validity of Observations Can Be Threatened by All

question 51

Multiple Choice

The construct validity of observations can be threatened by all of the following EXCEPT:

• A)observer bias.
• B)observer effects.
• C)reactivity.
• D)socially desirable responding.

---

Definitions:

Galatea Effect

A phenomenon where individuals' high self-expectations lead to improved performance.

Self-Expectations

The standards or goals an individual sets for themselves, which influence their behavior and effort in various aspects of life.

Expectancy Theory

A psychological theory that describes the motivational force behind choices individuals make, depending on their expectations of the outcome and the value they place on that outcome.

Self-Motivation

The ability to initiate and continue actions or tasks without external encouragement or pressure.