Answer the Following Questions

question 84

Multiple Choice

Answer the following questions :
-political machines

• A)A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed,rather than masked,their structure and function.
• B)An urban philanthropic organization that served members of an ethnic immigrant group,usually those from a particular province or town.The societies functioned as fraternal clubs that collected dues from members in order to pay support in case of death or disability.
• C)A term for an attack on African Americans by white mobs,triggered by political conflicts,street altercations,or rumors of crime.In some cases,such events were not spontaneous but planned in advance by a group of leaders seeking to enforce white supremacy.
• D)A high-density,cheap,five- or six-story housing unit designed for working-class urban populations.In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,this type of housing became a symbol of urban immigrant poverty.
• E)A type of professional stage show popular in the 1880s and 1890s that included singing,dancing,and comedy routines;it created a form of family entertainment for the urban masses that deeply influenced later forms,such as radio shows and television sitcoms.
• F)A form of American music that originated in the Deep South,especially from the black workers in the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta.
• G)A form of heterosexual dating in which,given the male partner's higher wage level,he is expected to pay for food and entertainment,and the young woman is expected to provide sexual favors in return.
• H)A derogatory term for newspapers that specialize in sensationalistic reporting.This kind of journalism is associated with the inflammatory reporting by the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers leading up to the War of 1898.
• I)A critical term,first applied by Theodore Roosevelt,for investigative journalists who published exposés of political scandals and industrial abuses.
• J)A complex,hierarchical party organization such as New York's Tammany Hall,whose candidates remained in office on the strength of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters,especially working-class immigrants who had little alternative access to political power.
• K)A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive.
• L)A loose term for political reformers-especially those from the elite and middle classes-who worked to improve the political system,fight poverty,conserve environmental resources,and increase government involvement in the economy.Such reformers were often prompted to act by fear that mass,radical protests by workers and farmers would spread,as well as by their desire to enhance social welfare and social justice.
• M)A turn-of-the-twentieth-century movement that advocated landscape beautification,playgrounds,and more and better urban parks.
• N)A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor,raised funds to address urgent needs,and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf.These community welfare centers became a nationally recognized reform strategy during the Progressive Era.
• O)One of the first and most famous social settlements,founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and her companion Ellen Gates Starr in an impoverished,largely Italian immigrant neighborhood on Chicago's West Side.
• P)A 1906 law regulating the conditions in the food and drug industries to ensure a safe supply of food and medicine.
• Q)Begun in New York,a national progressive organization that encouraged women,through their shopping decisions,to support fair wages and working conditions for industrial laborers.
• R)A labor organization for women founded in New York in 1903 that brought elite,middle-class,and working-class women together as allies.This organization supported union organizing efforts among garment workers.
• S)A devastating fire that quickly spread through the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City on March 25,1911,killing 146 people.In the wake of the tragedy,fifty-six state laws were passed dealing with such issues as fire hazards,unsafe machines,and wages and working hours for women and children.The fire also provided a national impetus for industrial reform.

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Definitions:

James Buchanan

An American economist known for his work on public choice theory, which explains how political decision-making processes affect economic policies, and the recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1986.

Public Choice Analysis

A field of economics that studies how economic theory and methodologies apply to the public sector, analyzing government behavior and decision-making processes.

Logically Consistent Theory

A theory in which the statements and principles are coherently aligned and do not lead to any contradictions or inconsistencies.

Individual Actors

Entities or persons that act independently within an economic system, making decisions based on personal interests or goals.