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Causality
The relationship between cause and effect, where one event (the cause) is understood to directly result in the occurrence of another event (the effect).
Probability Level
The likelihood or chance that a particular event will occur, often measured by a numerical value ranging from 0 (impossibility) to 1 (certainty).
Size of the Effect
The magnitude of the difference or relationship between variables, often used to understand the practical significance of research findings.
Partial Correlation
A numerical index that reflects the relationship between two variables with the removal of the influence of a third variable (called a mediating or confounding variable).
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