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Competitive firms earn zero profit in the long run when
External Financing
Funds a business obtains from outside the company, including loans, equity investments, and other financial instruments.
After-Tax Cost
The net cost of an expense or investment after the effects of taxes have been accounted for.
Net Present Value
This refers to the calculation used to determine the current value of a series of future cash flows by applying a discount rate.
Initial Cash Outlay
The upfront amount of cash needed to initiate a project or investment, including acquisition costs and other initial expenses.
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