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If a good is a normal good, an increase in income will
Desired Behaviour
The specific actions or reactions expected from employees that are aligned with organizational goals and values.
Instrumentality
The perceived relationship between performance and the attainment of certain outcomes, key to understanding motivation in expectancy theory.
Expectancy
In the context of motivation, expectancy refers to an individual's belief that a particular effort will lead to a desired performance level.
Valence
In motivation theory, the value an individual places on the expected outcome of a particular course of action.
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Q443: Refer to the above figure. Excess quantity