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Graphically, the effects of an external cost can be shown as
Socially Efficient
A situation in which an outcome benefits society as a whole and resources are allocated in the most beneficial manner from a societal perspective.
Marginal Cost
The increase in total cost that arises from producing one extra unit of a good or service.
Competitive Market
A market structure characterized by a large number of buyers and sellers, free entry and exit, and products that are close substitutes, leading to price competition and efficiency.
Utility Functions
Represent mathematical models that quantify an individual's preference for certain bundles of goods or services under conditions of scarcity.
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