What Is Convergent Evolution and How Is It Different from Horizontal

question 62

Essay

What is convergent evolution and how is it different from horizontal gene transfer?

Understand the principles of competency-based rewards and how they promote employability and quality improvement.

Grasp the concept of skill-based and seniority-based pay plans and their effects on employee motivation and organization.

Understand the motivational theories relevant to job design and reward systems.

Recognize the impact of job design on employee efficiency, identity, and motivation.

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Definitions:

Variable Costing

An accounting method that only includes variable production costs—direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead—in product costs.

Absorption Costing

A product costing technique that adds up all manufacturing expenses — direct materials, direct labor, variable, and fixed overheads — into the comprehensive cost of the product.

Net Operating Income

The total profit of a company after operating expenses are subtracted from operating revenues.

Variable Costing

A costing method in which all variable manufacturing costs (direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead) are treated as product costs, while fixed overhead is treated as a period cost.