A Study Shows That People Who Chew Bubble Gum Have

question 93

Multiple Choice

A study shows that people who chew bubble gum have more cavities. Which criteria of casual inference does this example show?

• A) The two variables are not correlated.
• B) Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation.
• C) The presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time.
• D) The study was conducted in an open environment.
• E) The sample size is large enough.

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Definitions:

Collusion

A secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy, especially between parties to cheat or deceive others, commonly in the context of firms agreeing on prices or market shares.

Incentive To Cheat

The motivation or reason that drives individuals or organizations to break rules, norms, or agreements in order to gain an unfair advantage or benefit.

Oligopolists

Firms or entities that are part of an oligopoly, a market structure characterized by a small number of large firms dominating the market, leading to limited competition.

Non-collusive Oligopoly

A market structure where a small number of firms compete independently, without agreements or collusion between them.