[Solved] Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell A)by a bacteriophage. B)as naked DNA in solution. C)by cell-to-cell contact. D)by crossing over. E)by sexual reproduction. Previous History: A record or background of past events or situations, especially as relevant to a particular subject or individual. Cognitive Learning Theories: A group of theories in psychology that explain how people process information, learn, and remember through understanding, thinking, and reasoning. Unobservable Mental Processes: Refers to internal cognitive and emotional events that cannot be directly measured or seen, but can be inferred through behavior. Classical Conditioning: A way of learning that involves making connections between a stimulus found in the environment and one that naturally presents itself.