In the Past,radical Procedures,which Involved Removal of the Affected Breast

question 21

Multiple Choice

In the past,radical procedures,which involved removal of the affected breast and all axillary and thoracic lymph nodes,were used to treat breast cancer.These procedures did not significantly lower mortality.What factor(s) may have contributed to mortality after these procedures?

• A) Distant metastases may have already occurred without adjacent lymph node involvement at the time of its palpable detection.
• B) Early pathology techniques for frozen section and histology microexamination could not define margins.
• C) Breast cancer was believed to spread by direct extension from its initial site in the breast to adjacent lymph nodes.
• D) Tumor size was not usually correlated with involvement of lymph nodes and cancer spread.

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