What Is the "Reverse Causality" Problem in Determining Cause and Effect

question 154

Multiple Choice

What is the "reverse causality" problem in determining cause and effect?

• A)It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y when in actual fact,it is a change in variable Z that caused a change in variable Y.
• B)It is a problem that occurs when one observes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y which caused a change in variable Z and concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Z.
• C)It is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y when in actual fact,it is a change in variable Y that caused a change in variable X.
• D)It is a problem that arises when two variables are inter-connected so that a change in variable X causes a change in variable Y,and a change in variable Y causes a change in variable X.

Know the significance of using scientific methods in psychology, such as experiments, surveys, and case studies.

Comprehend how psychological theories have evolved over time and how they apply to human behavior and mental processes.

Understand the importance of sample selection and representation in research studies.

Recognize the role of biological factors in behavior and mental processes.

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Definitions:

Availability Heuristic

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.

Relevant Instances

Specific examples or cases that are directly connected to the subject matter being discussed or analyzed.

Probability

The likelihood or chance of an event occurring.

Representativeness Heuristic

A cognitive shortcut that involves making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty, based on how much it resembles the typical case.