Which of the Following Hypotheses Is Nondirectional

question 12

Multiple Choice

Which of the following hypotheses is nondirectional?

• A) A hospital with an infection control nurse will have fewer instances of sepsis among inpatients than will a hospital without an infection control nurse.
• B) Greater weight loss will be seen among dieting patients who receive a weekly supportive telephone call from a dietitian than among dieting patients who do not receive a weekly supportive phone call.
• C) A difference in the stage of prostate cancer will be seen among men who had an abnormal result from prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening compared with men who had an abnormal result from digital rectal examination (DRE) screening.
• D) Children who receive weekly counselling for 1 year after the death of a parent will perform better in school than will children who do not receive weekly counselling after the death of a parent.

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Definitions:

Immune Responses

The body's defensive reactions to infections, diseases, or other unwanted biological invasions.

Drug-Using Context

The environmental or situational circumstances in which drug use occurs, influencing its effects and meanings.

Sugary Substances

Items or materials that have a high sugar content, often associated with sweet taste and energy provision.

Delayed Reinforcers

Rewards that do not immediately follow a behavior but occur after some time, still affecting the likelihood of the behavior's recurrence.