Which of the Following Threats to Internal Validity Is More

question 25

Multiple Choice

Which of the following threats to internal validity is more likely to occur with a longitudinal design?

• A) Instrumentation effects
• B) Mortality effects
• C) History effects
• D) Selection bias

Recognize the components of professionalism in a work environment.

Apply persuasive techniques in communications, particularly when delivering recommendations that could be negatively perceived.

Understand the least supportive and most common uses of communication within professional settings.

Appreciate the significance of strong communication skills in leadership and career progression.

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Definitions:

Ego

In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality responsible for dealing with reality, balancing the demands of the id and the superego.

Reality Principle

A concept in psychoanalytic theory describing the ability of the ego to assess the external world and act in a manner that is realistic and socially appropriate.

Defense Mechanism

Psychological strategies employed by individuals to cope with reality and maintain self-image by managing stress, emotional conflict, or internal/external demands.

Projection

A psychological strategy in which people project their own undesirable emotions, thoughts, or desires onto someone else.