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________ serves as an important gateway to perception.
Open Market
A marketplace that is open to all participants and where goods, securities, currencies, and other items can be bought and sold.
Simple Money Multiplier
A formula used to determine the maximum amount of money that can be created by a bank's deposits under a fractional reserve banking system.
Required Reserve Ratio
The fraction of deposits that banks are legally mandated to keep as reserves and not lend out.
Excess Reserves
The reserves held by financial institutions in excess of the minimum reserve requirements set by central banks; these are not used for lending and can influence the money supply.