If Two Nonsister Species on the Phylogenetic Tree in the Figure

question 22

Essay

If two nonsister species on the phylogenetic tree in the figure above differ from the other two in a single character state (e.g.,dark or light fur),where would the likely evolutionary change(s)be? Indicate change(s)by drawing an X-or Xs-on the tree above.Be sure to label each X as a loss or gain.

Understand defensive mechanisms against hostile takeovers.

Understand the role of social influence in decision making and perception.

Grasp the concept of social facilitation and its impact on performance.

Distinguish between central and peripheral routes to persuasion.

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Definitions:

Generalization

The ability to apply learned skills or responses to new situations or stimuli that are similar to the original conditions.

Associative Linkage

The connection or relation between two concepts or mental processes, allowing for one to trigger the recall of the other.

Extinction

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the reinforcement is no longer presented.

Conditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that initially has no inherent significance but acquires the ability to evoke a response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.