If Two Nonsister Species on the Phylogenetic Tree in the Figure

question 22

Essay

If two nonsister species on the phylogenetic tree in the figure above differ from the other two in a single character state (e.g.,dark or light fur),where would the likely evolutionary change(s)be? Indicate change(s)by drawing an X-or Xs-on the tree above.Be sure to label each X as a loss or gain.

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Definitions:

Conditioning

A learning process in which an individual's behavior becomes modified as a result of the association between a stimulus and a response.

Irrational Thinking

Patterns of thought that are illogical or not based on reason or clear thinking, often leading to unfounded conclusions.

Behavioural Goals

specific, measurable actions individuals plan to achieve as a step toward accomplishing a desired outcome.

Behaviour Therapy

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on changing undesirable behaviors through conditioning techniques.