Which of the Following Is NOT a Common Methodological Flaw

question 112

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a common methodological flaw to consider when evaluating scientific research?

• A) distortions of self-report
• B) sampling bias
• C) subject effect
• D) placebo effect

---

Definitions:

Z-Scores

A standardized score that indicates the number of standard deviations a raw score is above or below the mean.

Raw Score Distribution

The unadjusted scores of all participants in a study or on a test, displayed in the form of a distribution to analyze general trends.

Percentile Rank

A score indicating the percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to or lower than it, providing a relative position of an individual's score in a group.

Standard Deviation

A statistical measure of the dispersion or spread of a set of data points in relation to their mean.