Temporal Relationship Is a Necessary Criterion to Establish Causality

question 4

Multiple Choice

Temporal relationship is a necessary criterion to establish causality.Which of the following epidemiologic study design allows to evaluate temporal relationship?

• A) Cross-sectional
• B) Case-control
• C) Transversal
• D) Cohort
• E) Literature review

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Definitions:

Holding-Period Return

The total return received from holding an asset or portfolio of assets over a period of time, considering both price appreciation and dividends/interest.

Bond

A security issued by a borrower that obligates the issuer to make specified payments to the holder over a specific period. A coupon bond obligates the issuer to make interest payments called coupon payments over the life of the bond, then to repay the face value at maturity.

Standard Deviation

A statistical measure of the dispersion or spread of a set of data points or investment returns around their mean.

Expected Return

The predicted amount of profit or loss an investment is expected to generate over a specific time period.