Investigators Think That Income Might Be a Confounder in the Relationship

question 7

Multiple Choice

Investigators think that income might be a confounder in the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and cardiovascular disease.They conduct a case-control study and they match cases and controls based on income.They find that Hispanics are more likely to have cardiovascular disease as compared with non-Hispanics.What would you conclude about income as a potential confounder in this association?

• A) Income is a confounder.
• B) Income is not a confounder.
• C) Income is an effect modifier.
• D) Income is not associated with cardiovascular disease.
• E) Income is not associated with ethnicity.

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Definitions:

Narrow Sense Heritability

The proportion of phenotypic variance that can be attributed to additive genetic variance, affecting the selection response.

Additive Effects

The influence of individual genes on trait variation where the overall effect is the sum of the effects from each allele.

Dominance Effects

Genetic interactions where one allele masks or suppresses the expression of another allele at the same locus.

G × E Interactions

Genetic and Environmental interactions, which describe how genetic makeup and environmental factors influence the phenotype or traits of an organism.