Exhibit 2-2: Examine the Following List of Research Titles, Then

question 66

Multiple Choice

Exhibit 2-2: Examine the following list of research titles, then determine whether the italicized part of each title is an independent variable, a dependent variable, or a variable but impossible to determine whether independent or dependent.
-Refer to Exhibit 2-2.The relationship between teacher expectation and the achievement of students

• A) an independent variable.
• B) a dependent variable.
• C) a variable but impossible to determine whether a or b.

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Definitions:

Non-Experimental Research

Studies where researchers observe phenomena without manipulating any variables, often used in social sciences.

Non-Experimental Methods

Research techniques that do not involve the manipulation of variables, often used to study associations between variables rather than causal relationships.

Archival Research

Non-experimental method involving the assembly of data, or reports of data, collected by others.

Case Studies

Detailed examinations of a single subject or entity, often used in psychology, sociology, and business to analyze complex issues or dynamics.