Professor Maddox Collects Data Showing a Correlation Between Grades and Happiness

question 4

Multiple Choice

Professor Maddox collects data showing a correlation between grades and happiness. He concludes that being happy helps students to get better grades. Which of the following illustrates the "directionality problem" in Professor Maddox's conclusion?

• A)Students in love may be happier and get better grades.
• B)Good grades may produce happiness.
• C)Students with poor grades may drop out of school.
• D)Female (or male)students may get better grades.

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Definitions:

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A transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

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The process by which a substance is integrated into a liquid making it part of the liquid's composition.