The Null Hypothesis That Is Appropriate to State with a Directional

question 4

Multiple Choice

The null hypothesis that is appropriate to state with a directional research hypothesis asserts that

• A) the independent variable has no effect.
• B) chance alone is responsible for the observed differences between conditions.
• C) the independent variable does not have an effect in the direction predicted by the research hypothesis (H1).
• D) b and c

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Definitions:

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior, emphasizing the effects of external stimuli on subsequent behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

A psychological concept involving the addition of a reward following a desired behavior, encouraging its future occurrence.

Behavior

The actions or reactions of an individual, often in relation to the environment or stimuli.

Convergence

The inward movement of the eyes as they focus on an object that is drawing nearer.