Exhibit 7-7: a Group of Curriculum Designers Has Developed a New

question 69

Multiple Choice

Exhibit 7-7: A group of curriculum designers has developed a new system for teaching phonics to young children.They randomly selected 24 kindergarten students to receive either the old phonics method or the new phonics method.The designers realized that kindergartens have morning and afternoon classes, so they wanted to build this factor into the research design.The following is the mean, standard deviation, and number for each group.
$\begin{array}{lll}\text { Morning } & {\text { Old }}{} & {\text { New }}{} \\ & 16.33 & 13.50 \\ &1.03 & 2.74 \\& 6 & 6 \\ \text { Afternoon } & 13.17 & 16.83 \\ & 3.55 & 2.14 \\ & 6 & 6\end{array}$
The following is an incomplete summary table of the analysis of variance:
$\begin{array}{ll}\underline { \text { Source }} & \underline { \text { SS }} & \underline { \text { df }} & \underline { \text { MS}} & \underline { \text { F}}\\\text { Time of Day } & 0.042 \\\text { Lesson Design } & 1.042 \\\text { Interaction }\\\text { Error } & 128.500 \\\text { Total } & 102950\end{array}$
-Refer to Exhibit 7-7.What are the degrees of freedom for the Interaction?

• A) 1
• B) 2
• C) 20
• D) 24

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Definitions:

Comparative Reasoning

The process of using what is more familiar to make interpretations, explanations, or inferences about what is less familiar.

Ideological Reasoning

The process of thinking that begins with abstractions or generalizations that express one’s core beliefs, concepts, values, or principles and proceeds to reason top down to specific applications. Ideological reasoning is deductive and axiomatic. The argument maker takes the ideological premises on faith.

Ethical Imperatives

Moral obligations or principles that compel certain actions or choices.