When a Pretest and Posttest Are Used on All Subjects

question 93

Multiple Choice

When a pretest and posttest are used on all subjects in the experimental and control groups

• A) the pretest may influence posttest results.
• B) the experimenter knows whether it is reasonable to assume that both groups began at a similar point.
• C) there may be interaction between pretest and treatment effects.
• D) a and b
• E) a, b, and c

---

Definitions:

Good Theory

A set of principles, models, or explanations that effectively organizes knowledge and predicts phenomena accurately, often characterized by simplicity, broad applicability, and the ability to be tested.

Variables

Represents elements, features, or factors that are liable to vary or change.

Conceptually Replicated

Refers to a research study or experiment that has been repeated using different methods or measures but produces similar findings that support the original hypothesis.

Conceptual Variables

Abstract elements within theories that cannot be directly observed but are instead measured through operational definitions.