The Following Experimental Design Would Be Recommended When
(R) $\quad$

question 12

Multiple Choice

The following experimental design would be recommended when
(R) $\quad$ X $\quad$ Y
(R) $\quad$ --- $\quad$ Y

• A) no control group is available.
• B) matching is not feasible.
• C) pre-existing groups must be used in a school setting.
• D) a pretest may have an effect on the experimental treatment.

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Definitions:

Maintained Independence

The state of a nation or entity having preserved its sovereignty and self-governance over time, often despite challenges or threats.

Religious Freedom

The principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government intervention.

System of Governance

The framework by which an organization or society is governed, incorporating laws, regulations, and practices that define how power is exercised and decisions are made.

Askia Muhammad

Mentioned as a significant ruler of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, noted for his administrative reforms, military prowess, and patronage of Islamic scholarship and education.