Which of the Following Is the Best Example of a Confounding

question 14

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the best example of a confounding variable jeopardizing the internal validity of a study?

• A) Researchers perform a factor analysis and, in the inferential factor-naming stage, assign names to the factors that cause disagreements with other researchers.
• B) A participant in a psychotherapy effectiveness study receives counseling from a minister in addition to the therapy provided in the study.
• C) A participant in a psychotherapy study who is placed on a waiting list receives no treatment at all while other participants in the same study are receiving psychotherapy.
• D) Two variables are found to correlate highly with each other, when in fact they are both caused by a third, unmeasured, variable.

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Definitions:

Pure Monopolist

A single seller in a market with no close substitutes for the product, giving the seller complete control over price.

Maximize Profit

The process by which a company determines the optimal output and pricing to achieve the highest possible financial gain.

Total Revenue

The entire amount of revenue produced through the selling of products or services prior to deducting any costs.

Economic Profits

Profits exceeding the opportunity costs of all resources employed, indicating an above-normal return.