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Which Equation Is Most Accurate

question 13

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Which equation is most accurate?


Definitions:

Classical Conditioning

Learning through the process of associating a naturally spontaneous stimulus with one that is prompted by environmental factors.

Pathological Behaviours

Pathological behaviors are actions or practices that are considered abnormal or maladaptive, often related to mental health conditions.

Conditioning

A learning process in which an individual's behavior becomes modified as a result of the association between a stimulus and a response.

Irrational Thinking

Patterns of thought that are illogical or not based on reason or clear thinking, often leading to unfounded conclusions.

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