The Chance That at Least Some P-Values Will Be Lower

question 16

Multiple Choice

The chance that at least some p-values will be lower than 0.05 increases when

• A)the sample is nonprobabilistic.
• B)the sample is smaller than 100 cases.
• C)there is actually reverse causality.
• D)the number of analyses gets higher.

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Definitions:

Standard Deviation

A measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values from the mean.

Standard Normal Random Variable

A special case of the normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

Probability

The measure of the likelihood that an event will occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty.

z

A standard score representing the number of standard deviations an observation or datum is above or below the mean of what is being observed or measured.