CASE HISTORY In the Fall of 2008,several Individuals,many of Them Children,were Sickened

question 11

Essay

CASE HISTORY
In the fall of 2008,several individuals,many of them children,were sickened from the common food pathogen Salmonella enterica.Most infected individuals developed diarrhea,fever,and abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after infection,and symptoms lasted 4-7 days.Over the next six months,cases were reported from nearly all U.S.states,ultimately totaling 700 people.The curve of the outbreak (cases rising and then falling)followed the profile of a single-source epidemic,in which all infections are ultimately traced to one source.All cases of illness showed a common strain of the pathogen S.enterica serovar typhimurium.CDC researchers investigated the outbreak by comparing the food intake histories of ill persons with that of matched controls.They found a statistical association between illness and intake of peanut butter,eventually narrowed to a specific brand of peanut butter sold to institutions.As the epidemic grew,cases emerged in which the contaminated food product turned out to be crackers filled with peanut butter cream.Ultimately,the peanut butter and cream were traced back to peanuts from a single factory in Georgia.
Describe some of the chemical and physical approaches normally used in the production and storage of a food like peanut butter,which are designed to reduce the possibility of outbreaks such as this one.Give an example of a common scenario in which these precautions might fail.

Recognize the ideological differences between Federalists and Anti-federalists and their respective views on human nature, government structure, and the role of the citizenry.

Analyze the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on the American Revolution and the early republic, including taxation acts and responses to economic crises such as Shays's Rebellion.

Articulate the role of key figures and their contributions to the founding ideals and documents of the United States, including the authors of the Federalist Papers and Thomas Paine.

Examine the central tenets of republic ideology and their influence on the revolutionary period and the formation of the early American political system.

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Definitions:

Compounded

A method of calculating interest where the earned interest on an investment is added to the principal, and future interest is calculated on the total amount.

Annuity

A fiscal product designed to emit a stable series of disbursements to an individual, chiefly intended as support for retired people's income.

Perpetuity

A type of annuity that pays an infinite series of cash flows, continuing forever.

Constant Rate

A fixed, unchanging rate at which a specific quantity grows or decays over time.