A Major Problem with Observational Research in the Natural Environment

question 83

Multiple Choice

A major problem with observational research in the natural environment is that

• A)it always involves a very small sample size.
• B)it raises the ethical issue of informed consent.
• C)its requirements are as elaborate as that of clinical research.
• D)its independent variables are often manipulated by researchers.

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Definitions:

Qualitative Variables

Variables that express categorical data, representing types or qualities rather than numbers.

Chi-square Tests

Statistical tests that use the chi-square statistic to test hypotheses about the distribution of categorical variables.

Lower-tailed

Refers to a type of hypothesis test or confidence interval that focuses on determining whether the value of interest is significantly less than a specified value.

Perfect Fit

A situation where a model, equation, or line precisely describes or predicts the observed data without any errors.