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Many Political Observers Have Identified a Strong "Incumbency Advantage" and a "Sophomore

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Essay

Many political observers have identified a strong "incumbency advantage" and a "sophomore surge" in congressional elections.Describe what these terms mean and explain the reasons behind them.In particular,discuss some of the ways members of Congress can provide patronage to their districts and the role that redistricting plays in congressional elections.


Definitions:

James-Lange Theory

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Physiological Arousal

A state of physical alertness and activation that is often a response to a stimulus or emotional state.

William James

A pioneering American psychologist and philosopher known for his contributions to pragmatism and functionalism and as the father of American psychology.

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