In Which Procedure Would an Incision NOT Be Required for Insertion

question 17

Multiple Choice

In which procedure would an incision NOT be required for insertion of the endoscope?

• A) bronchoscopy
• B) mediastinoscopy
• C) pectus excavatum via VATS
• D) video-assisted thoracic surgery

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Definitions:

Voluntary Movements

Movements controlled consciously by the brain, usually in response to stimuli or as deliberate actions, contrasting with involuntary movements like reflexes.

Cranial Nerves

are the twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain, not the spinal cord, and control various functions of the body and head.

Glossopharyngeal

A cranial nerve that innervates parts of the tongue and pharynx, playing roles in taste, swallowing, and salivation.

Hypoglossal

Pertaining to the twelfth cranial nerve, which controls the movements of most muscles in the tongue.