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The effect of stress on the immune system
Market Value
The existing rate at which an asset or service is being offered for buying or selling in the marketplace.
Debt-Equity Ratio
A measure of a company's financial leverage, calculated by dividing its total liabilities by shareholder equity.
Residual Dividend Policy
A strategy where companies pay dividends from the remaining earnings after all operational and growth expenses are covered.
After-Tax Earnings
Net income of a business after all taxes have been deducted, indicating the actual profit that remains for shareholders.
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