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Isolating mechanisms are
Standard Error
A statistical measure that describes the accuracy with which a sample represents a population, specifically the variability of the sampling distribution.
Sample Mean
The average of a set of numerical values taken from a subset (sample) of a larger population.
Probability
A measure of the likelihood of a particular event's occurrence, ranging from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).
P < 0.05
Indicates that the probability of the observed data, or more extreme, occurring by chance is less than 5%, commonly used to determine statistical significance in hypothesis testing.
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